A confession is a detailed or sometimes verbal statement in which someone admits to committing a crime. Acknowledgment is a very powerful legal tool in criminal law when it comes to court and conviction. They are a conviction that cannot be denied. Police officers view the interrogation process as a way of obtaining further acknowledgment or evidence that will prove the person's fault (Ainsworth, 2000). Serious factors that result in false confession are the result of a police interrogation method designed to encourage the acknowledgment of the guilty but may encourage the confession of the innocent (Howitt, 2006). Not all false confessions are taken by the police. The consequences of admitting wrongdoing can be as serious as giving the right confession. They are at high risk for conviction even though they may withdraw their confession later, which may not be acceptable. "From a psychological perspective, false confession is any detailed acknowledgment of a crime not committed by confession" (Kassin and Gudjosson, 2004). There are many reasons why people may confess to crimes they have never committed.
Kassin (1997) classifies false confession into three types, voluntary false confession, forced confession and false confession of falsehood: Voluntary false confession is a statement of blame offered without external pressure. There are several reasons why someone might be inclined to do this. One can do it to protect a relative or friend, especially when it comes to juvenile offenders. Another reason is the need for pathology for fame, acceptance, recognition or self-punishment, for example, the abduction of infants by renowned rider Charles Lindbergh, when more than 200 people pleaded guilty to the crime (Kassin, 1997).
In Coerced - A complaint of false confession of a suspect confessed after intense interrogation. This happened when the suspect admitted to fleeing from avoiding further interrogations or to get what the police offered was a false confession. The confession in this case was purely a compliance act and the suspect knew he was innocent but believed that by admitting they would be left alone. They are only aware of the short-term effects of admitting and never mind that this will lead to persecution and possibly imprisonment. They often plead guilty because the police make them believe they will be given a reduced sentence (Kassin, 1997). An example is when 5 teenagers, aged between 14 and 17, after a fierce interrogation lasting between 14 and 30 hours, claimed to be involved in a violent attack on a 28-year-old woman. The teens then said that they simply told the police what they wanted to hear, so that they could go home (Meissner and Russano, 2003).
One of the most interesting types of false confessions is Coerced-internalized confession. Innocent people admit after being subjected to interrogation methods that cause major anxiety and confusion. The suspect eventually thought they might commit the crime. This is very dangerous because the suspect's memory of his actions may change and the suspect cannot identify the truth. This type of confession can take place mostly as exposed suspects, for example naive, young, lacking intelligence coupled with false evidence that makes them believe that they have actually committed the act (Kassin, 1997). When suspects are confronted with false evidence of their wrongdoing, such as being told that they have failed their polygraph or DNA test at the scene, they begin to question their memory of what actually happened and about their involvement in the crime (Meissner and Russano, 2003). The most famous case involving forced confession is one involving Paul Ingram, a sheriff's deputy accused of abusing his daughter's demonic ritual (Meissner and Russano, 2003). Ingram initially denied the allegations, but after 5 months repeated the interrogation, hypnotism and urge to remember the abuse he had admitted and confessed. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison, without physical evidence to support the confession. Ingram's memory weakness came from repeatedly by investigators and psychologists "that it was appropriate for him to suppress his memories of evil, and that his memory could be restored by praying to God for answers". (He was a very religious man) (Meissner and Russano, 2003).
In 1974, members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) planted bombs at two pubs in Guildford, England. Five were killed and 57 injured. A month later, a bomb exploded at The Arms of The King in Woolrich, South London, killing 2 and injuring 27. The blast caused public outrage, and about 150 detectives were working on the case. Four of the buried suspects confessed to the crime. They have been convicted and imprisoned. Gudjonnson, who was joined by others, was investigating the case and finally made it clear that they had pleaded guilty to a crime they had not committed. After 15 years in prison they were released and released. The above case serves as a prime example of a researcher's bias. Police need to be furious with the absurd bombings. Their anger may make them "believe" that they are guilty or innocent. Gudjonnson points to this overriding dilemma: "Interrogations can cause police officers to be extremely cautious and to receive information in line with their previous beliefs and beliefs, while ignoring, minimizing or distorting information that conflicts with their assumptions. Hypothesis can be interpreted as wrong as lies, misunderstandings, disappointments or self-defense. "According to Gusjonsson, the more prejudices and beliefs before the interviewer become stronger, the greater the attitude.
The police officer who managed to get the confession was much appreciated. The way they interview their suspects is seen as a way to show off their professional skills. (Ainsworth, 2000). Police officers are very motivated to solve the crime and sometimes do everything they can to get the confession of their suspect. Stress, pressure and threats are used for interrogation as they increase fear, anxiety, guilt or anger. This, according to the police will test the knowledge ' those who are guilty (Ainsworth, 2000). Gudjonsoon is critical of police fraud techniques. He felt that "fraud and police fraud prevented suspects from making informed and accurate decisions about their right not to charge themselves"
Gudjosson and Clark proposed the concept of ' interrogative proposal ' to explain how individuals respond differently to police investigations. I'm sorry. Suggestion of sarcasm ' according to Gudjosson is how people in closed social areas receive messages when they question and how their behavior and reactions are affected by this (Conti, 1999). Gudjosson described the five elements he saw as part of the 'interrogative' proposal :: Closed interactions between suspects and investigators, questionable procedures with two or more participants, recommended stimulation (hints, ideas), proposed stimulus and response behavior to the proposal (accepted or not). In such situations, investigations can manipulate trust, uncertainty and hope to change people's doubts about the proposal (Conti, 1999).
The person's characteristics influence how this method works. People with low intelligence, poor memory, low self-esteem, anxiety are more likely to recommend and more likely to give false statements and admit to crimes they did not commit. Introverts are better able to be conditioned easily than extroverts, and because many criminals are extroverts and are designed for common crime, they may have an adverse effect on innocent introverts. (Conti, 1999) Stress is another important factor that investigators use to claim recognition. Some of the pressure placed on ordinary people may be justified, but if it is applied to a psychologically weak person, it can result in false recognition (Conti, 1999).
In order to reduce the incidence of fake investigators, police investigators should receive specialized training in appropriate interviewing skills. During training, special attention should also be given to dealing with individuals with special needs such as mental disorders and adolescents during interrogations. Effective communication practices by investigators lead to accuracy and accountability in the criminal justice system and are expected to reduce the number of wrongdoings (Cassell, 1998). The judicial system needs to be more aware of the approach taken from the confession of the suspect in custody. Interrogation should be focused on nurturing the truth rather than seeking recognition. When questioning a potential suspect, the investigator should take the role of the uninterested rather than the opposite (Conti, 1999). The length of the interview, too, is detrimental and can lead to a false confession. Long interrogations cause anxiety and stress. Limiting the amount of interrogation time can last, the time taken, for example not when the suspect is supposed to sleep will reduce the phenomenon of false confession (Conti, 1999). In order to dispel the preceding conclusions and to ensure the accuracy and validity of the confession, it is important that the statement issued be corroborated by the evidence. With DNA testing that released a number of people accused of wrongdoing and convicted of a crime, a claim of wrongdoing has been proven.
Another idea is to record video or audiotape all the interrogations. The requirement of mandatory videotaping will be the dual purpose of protecting the police agency from prosecution and protecting the rights of the suspect (Moushey and Perry, 2006). Meissner and Russano present 'best practices'. I'm sorry. suggestion to interrogate the suspect. The first is the Transparency of the Interrogation process, which organizes video interrogation to reduce investigators' practice of changing their use of coercion techniques to pre-interrogation techniques, and the video recording angle shows investigators and suspects to reduce third-party bias when making voluntary confession decisions. that. The second proposal is Identification of Suspicious Vulnerability. Certain individuals are more vulnerable than others, especially if they are children / adolescents or mentally challenged. In this case, help should be given to these individuals. The psychological and physical condition of the suspect should be taken into account during the interrogation. Factors such as recent use of drugs or alcohol, lack of sleep or pain should be considered. In this case, the interrogation must be stopped so that the individual is in the group. it's normal state. The third proposal by Meissner and Russano is The Avoidance of Techniques that Increases the Possibility of False Recognition. Certain factors are known to influence individuals to admit wrongly, so investigators are advised not to use negative influences such as suggesting a theory of memory failure and presenting false evidence. Interrogators according to Meissner and Russano should also try not to prolong the interrogation and not offer any relaxation or offer in exchange for recognition. The final proposal by Meissner and Russano is the Post-Interrogation Analysis of Confession Reliability suggested by Leo and Oshe (1998). Evaluation of all investigations prior to the investigation and postal investigation is recommended to ensure that all facts are consistent.
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